Cox Associates: Superior Business Decisions
through Better Data Analysis
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Services Clients Projects Publications Models and Reports
HEALTH, SAFETY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ANALYSIS SERVICESSince 1986, Cox Associates has provided scientific risk analyses and related statistical and engineering consulting services in the following areas. Please click on the links for examples of resulting publications and software.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=9118928&form=6&db=m&Dopt=b
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=8901907&form=6&db=m&Dopt=b
http://cox-associates.com/risk.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=9463933&form=6&db=m&Dopt=b
HEALTH, SAFETY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ANALYSIS CLIENTSCox Associates Health, Safety and Environmental Risk Analysis clients since 1986 have included the following: AlliedSignal American Industrial Health Council (AIHC) American Petroleum Institute (API) ARCO Arthur D. Little, Inc. California Department of Health Sciences Chemical Manufacturer’s Association (CMA) Engine Manufacturers Association (EMA) ENSR Engineering and Consulting Exxon Biomedical Sciences, Inc. (EBSI) Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company International Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Mobil Oil Corporation Monsanto PACE (Canadian Petroleum Association) U S Department of Agriculture Wastren Western States Petroleum Association COX ASSOCIATES
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 | Created computer simulation models (PBPK and pharmacodynamic) of dose-time-response relations for low-level exposures to chemical carcinogens, for Exxon Biomedical Sciences (EBSI). |
| For the American Petroleum Institute (API), created a computer simulation model of bone marrow and blood cell toxicity caused by cyclophosphamide, an immunosuppressive drug. Designed laboratory experiments to validate the model's predictions. Analyzed clinical and laboratory data to test model's predictive validity. Prepared a software release so that other scientists could use the model. |
| Developed an artificial intelligence method for improving prediction of likely human chemical carcinogens, also for EBSI. |
| Critically reviewed epidemiological studies of diesel exhaust and human lung cancer risk for the Engine Manufacturers Association. Presented conclusions in several hearings. |
| Reviewed literature on air pollution and human lung cancer risks, for the American Petroleum Institute. |
| Applied adaptive spatial sampling to optimize search and clean-up efforts for remediating residential properties around an abandoned hazardous waste site (for AlliedSignal) |
| Reassessed human cancer risks from 1,3-butadiene using pharmacokinetic modeling to adjust for interspecies differences in internal doses of epoxybutene (for the Chemical Manufacturers Association) |
| Reassessed the human leukemia risks from benzene exposure using a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to calculate internal dose (for the American Petroleum Association) |
| Reviewed design of an initiation-promotion experiment for studying the potential carcinogenicity of a rubber additive, for Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company. |
| Developed a general physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling tool for rapidly developing high-quality PBPK models (with ENSR Consulting and Engineering, Inc.) |
| Reviewed artificial intelligence approaches to characterizing uncertain health risks using weight of evidence, nonmonotonic, and other uncertainty analysis (for Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) |
| Assessed potential health risks associated with occupational exposure to herbicides among roadside workers, using pharmacokinetic models, for a Fortune 100 chemical manufacturer. |
| Risk screening, exposure modeling, hazard index calculation, and recommendation of cleanup priorities for a large hazardous waste site in Canada |
| Developed technical reports and a prototype computer modeling tool for biologically based risk assessment of cancer risks from chemical carcinogens, for the Western States Petroleum Association (WSPA) and the American Petroleum Institute (API) |
| Reviewed new biostatistical and "biologically based" approaches to cancer risk analysis, for the California Department of Health Services |
| Reviewed regulatory history of benzene risk assessments and of biomathematical approaches to modeling leukemogenesis for the Western Oil and Gas Association and the American Petroleum Institute |
| Prototype computer modeling of the AIDS epidemic (with Arthur D. Little, Inc.) |
| Designed a 2-year bioassay experiment for isoprene. Analyzed and reported the resulting experimental data for a multi-client, multinational industry group coordinated by Exxon Biomedical Sciences. |
| Accident risk analysis and consequence analysis of a petrochemical storage facility in California, for a California-based environmental consulting firm |
| Implemented a Macintosh version of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for benzene pharmacokinetics and total metabolism in rodents and humans, for the API |
| Explored new mathematical approaches and conceptual frameworks for dealing with scientific uncertainties in biologically-based risk assessment, for the Western States Petroleum Association (WSPA) |
| Created an interactive data analysis and graphics package for determining the degree of worker protection provided by different respirators, filters, and face masks (with Arthur D. Little, Inc.) |
| Microeconomic and applied probability modeling of insurance company business risks for use in tax litigation (with Arthur D. Little, Inc.) |
| Critically reviewed a transportation risk analysis for liquefied natural gas (LNG) operations in the St. Lawrence seaway. Reviewed progress since 1985 in using decision analysis for accident risk assessments. |
| Implemented an experimental "intelligent" data base management system for chemical health effects data bases (with Exxon Biomedical Sciences, Inc.) |
| Uncertainty analysis of PBPK modeling and risk analyses, accounting for model uncertainties and population heterogeneity, for the American Industrial Health Council. |
| Developed new techniques for assessing and predicting the cancer risks associated with mineral oils and petroleum products, for Mobil Oil. |
For the past twenty years, Cox Associates has been an innovator in many areas of risk analysis methods and models for applications, contributing to areas such as biologically-based risk modeling and improved methods for uncertainty analysis. Examples of publications in various areas of risk analysis in the past five years include the following.
Cox, L.A., Jr., 1999. A biomathematical model of hematotoxicity. Environment International, 23, 6/7.
Cox, L.A., Jr., 1999. Internal dose, uncertainty analysis, and complexity of risk models. Environment International, forthcoming. (Accepted 6-99).
Cox, L.A., Jr., 1999. Optimal adaptive sampling of contaminated soils. Risk Analysis, Forthcoming. (Accepted 10-98).
Cox, L.A., Jr., K. Paige, D. Popken, 1999. Software review of Analytica 1.2. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 5, 2, 305-316.
Chiu, S.Y., L.A. Cox, Jr., X. Sun, 1999. Optimal sequential inspections of reliability systems subject to parallel-chain precedence constraints. Discrete Applied Mathematics (forthcoming).
Cox, L.A., Jr., 1997. Does diesel exhaust cause human lung cancer? Risk Analysis, 17, 6, 807-829.
Cox, L.A., Jr., 1996. Reassessing benzene risks using internal doses and Monte-Carlo uncertainty analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 104, Supplement 6, 1413-1429.
Cox, L.A., Jr., 1996. More accurate estimates of dose-response functions using Monte-Carlo uncertainty analysis: The Data Cube approach." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 2, 1, 146-170.
Cox, L.A., Jr., M.G. Bird, and L. Griffis, 1996. "Isoprene cancer risk and the time pattern of dose administration." Toxicology, 113, 263-272.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=8901907&form=6&db=m&Dopt=bCox, L.A., Jr., S. Chiu, and X. Sun, 1996. "Least-cost failure diagnosis in uncertain reliability systems". Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 54, 2-3, 203-316.
Placke, M.E., L. Griffis, M. Bird, J. Bus, R.L. Persing, L.A. Cox, Jr., 1996. "Chronic inhalation oncogenicity study of isoprene in B6C3F1 mice." Toxicology, 110, 253-262.
Schnatter, A.R., M.G. Bird, L.A. Cox, Jr., and R.F. Herrick, 1996. "Defining optimal exposure assessment methods and metrics for epidemiologic studies exposures of petroleum distribution workers to benzene." Occupational Hygiene, 155-160.
Cox, L.A., Jr., 1995. "Simple relations between administered and internal doses in compartmental flow models," Risk Analysis, 15, 2, 197-204.
Cox, L.A., Jr., 1995. "An exact analysis of the multistage model explaining dose-response concavity," Risk Analysis, 15, 3, 359-368.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=7604169&form=6&db=m&Dopt=bGrover, R.W., and L.A. Cox, Jr., 1995. "Dynamic site portfolio remediation optimization model," Hazardous Waste Strategies Update, 6, 4, 31 - 39.
